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Act of 1786


This Act enacted the demand of Lord Cornwallis, that the powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empowered him, in special cases to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act also enabled the offices of the Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief to be jointly held by the same official.

This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularized subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Singapore and Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its authority.


Charter Act, 1813:
The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India, except for the Punjab, Sind and Nepal. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company’s finances to the breaking point. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

* asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company;
* renewed the Charter of Company for a further twenty years but,
* deprived the Company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in
tea and the trade with China;
* required the Company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts; and,
* opened India to missionaries.

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